New Forest Coastline

The New Forest coastline is situated between the Dorset border and the Southampton Water on the south-west coast of Britain. It is split into three main areas and is managed mainly by the New Forest District Council but also other councils. The three areas are, Christchurch Bay, Western Solent, and Southampton Water. There is a big issue that affects this coastline. The cliffs on the coast are slowly being eroded, and the low-lying areas need to be protected from coastal flooding. Natural landscapes and wildlife habitats need to be protected for people who want to work and visit the areas. This problem attracts a lot of interest from all the councils who try and decide what system and form of protection should be used. Physical Features & Human Land-use The coastline is lined with many landforms and the land surrounding the area is used by humans for various activities. Christchurch Bay between Highcliffe and Hurst Spit has very narrow shingle beaches on its coastline and is backed by cliffs that are up to 30m in height. These cliffs are mainly made of sand and clay and are subject to erosion and in some places the cliffs have retreated up to 60m over 25 years. Even built up areas are exposed to coastal flooding and occasionally experience mudflows and landslips. Hurst Spit itself is vulnerable to the erosion of the sea after having been breached over several years. The area is used mainly for settlement and many villages have been built up along the coast all of which are in danger of flooding and/or collapsing. The Western Solent between Hurst Spit and Calshot is slightly different to Christchurch Bay. This area is full of coastal marshes with a lot of wildlife and animal habitats. This area is low-lying and therefore there is a major risk of flooding, especially when there are high tides and heavy rain. There are also two river estuaries from the Lymington River and the Beaulieu River. This area is used for boat-building and repair but also for recreational sailing. Southampton Water is situated between the towns of Calshot and Redbridge. There are coast marshes and intertidal areas with a great nature and wildlife value. The area is at risk from water pollution caused by domestic sewage and industrial waste. This former river estuary has been now developed and is used for major industry including oil refining and there is also a power station. The rest of the area is used for housing. Why we Need a Coastal Management System There is a big need for a coastal management system. Human activity has influenced the area because the scenery and recreational activities and potential attract many visitors and holiday-makers. Many other people emigrate there because it provides an attractive environment to live, work and retire. The coastline brings in more money for the locals in the form of â€Å"foreigners† and therefore without the coastline many people would have no source of income. However, human activity provides a certain amount of pressure which threatens to change the coastline and its natural ecological balance. Apart from human factors physical factors hat take place also influence the coastline's shape. Waves, Currents, groundwater, movements and weathering have a considerable impact on the shape of the coastline and human activity – this must be to be taken into account when deciding management proposals for the coast. Action taken by the Local Authority The local authority has done a lot of work involving the coastline and now must set up a management scheme to stop many risks. Over various years many protection methods have been used. Concrete sea-walls were built to protect the cliffs; however it has been proven that actually absorb the wave energy instead of reflecting it. They are also an eye-sore. Groynes have also been introduced in the system and they stop the movement of material along beaches as well as widening them. Low-lying areas have been protected by dykes and flood walls, however some people have suggested that coastal flooding should take place as a natural event even if property is at risk. There have also been attempts to protect wildlife areas and bird sanctuaries. Their Objectives The New Forest District Council have many objectives and some are more important than others, including: 1. The coast need to be protected because many properties are lined on the cliff edges and there is a big risk of them collapsing. 2. Areas of value need to be protected as they attract tourists and bring in more money for the locals and the council so they can easily afford to protect the rest of the coastline. 3. The landscape is important as it also brings in more tourists with its natural beauty of which should be protected. 4. Pollution needs to be prevented so any sort of protection doesn't become eroded by acid rain and also to improve the quality of life and the water that goes into the towns. 5. The coasts' economy needs to be recognised so it can be maintained and the social functions of the coast can take place. 6. Cooperation is important between everyone from the local councils to the industry owners. 7. Public awareness needs to be improved to let people know where they stand and what danger they are in. 8. Historical aspects needs to protected because they are an important part of history, this is not very important. 9. Developing criteria for the development of the coast is important for future vents and emergencies. 10. The least important is recreational activities as these can be done in many other places. Alternative Suggestions There are any other ways in which the coastline can be protected. On the coast many things can be used for protection. A recurved sea wall can reflect the waves and push them back out to the sea. Rip-rap are large boulders used on the coast to absorb the wave energy and disperses it. Gabions are used to absorb some of the wave energy and stop erosion as do wooden revetments. To decide what to use we would use cost-benefit analysis which would allow us to make best use of our money.

Porter Five Forces Assist an Organisation in Their Strategic Planning

How does Porters Five Forces Model assist an organisation in their strategic planning? Before understanding â€Å"how† we must know â€Å"what† Porters Five Forces model really is (Michael E. Porter, 2008). Company strive to secure a competitive advantage over their rivals, I mean who doesn’t want to be the best? Although the intensity of rivalry varies within each industry and these differences can be important in the development of strategy, but rather the five forces (Porter, 2008) being a strategy of any sort, it acts a framework in securing a strategy.The only time where strategy is irrelevant, would be when you have no competitors where ultimately the environment is a monopoly, or when you have a ton of money to throw around and waste. But having said that, it is not likely at all. Without framework, strategy will inevitably collapse, as they both come hand in hand. Thus a chain arises as the five forces (Porter, 2008) acts as a framework in assisting an or ganisation in their strategic planning, where strategic planning leads to a competitive advantage over their competitors which then leads to ultimate success of the company.Before proceeding to the question at hand on how Porters Five Forces can assist an organisation in their strategic planning, first we have to know two things, what are the Five Forces that Porter (2008) proposed, and ultimately what strategy really means? To ease this journey, let’s start with the Five Forces (Porter, 2008).Before any company enters a certain market, one must first analyse the competitive nature of the market, and this is exactly what the Five Forces (2008) aids to do, to provide a framework to determine the intensity of competition within an industry where three of the five competitive forces comes from an external sources, and the remainder coming from an internal sources. These external sources includes: Threat of potential entrants, threat of potential substitutes and rivalry of existi ng firms in the industry.Now these sources are external due to the fact that it is simply impossible to temper with. But what we can control, are the two internal sources: the bargaining power of suppliers, and the bargaining power of buyers. Being aware of the five forces can aid firms into identifying existence and the importance of each of the five forces, as well as the roles that each force plays into the success of the firms. The threat of potential entrants: Although it is possible for any company to enter and exit a market of their choice, each market has their own unique barriers to go in and out of.Therefore the essence of this force deals with the level of difficulty that a company can enter into an industry which will ultimately impact competition within the industry. Whenever a new company enters an industry, the competitive climate changes; it provides more alternatives to consumers, therefore reducing its attractiveness and the competition within the industry increase s as each company is trying to come out on top. As each industry have their own unique characteristics it allows them to build a barrier from other industries protecting them from profitability while restraining additional rivals from entering the market.These restraints and characteristics that industries create are referred to as barriers of entry. Barriers of entry are a characteristic acquired uniquely to each industry. It attempts to reduce the rate of entry of new companies which maintains the level of profitability for all current industry competitors, where if new companies enters the industry, the profit is shared amongst the original and the newly developed companies in the industry, ultimately decreasing overall profits of each company, which isn’t ideal.Conversely when profitability of an industry is high, companies will attempt to come into the industry to get a piece of the action, which then will eventually result in reducing profits due to the fact that it is divided up into more quarters. Where there’s an entry, there’s an exit, barriers to exit limits the ability of a firm to leave the market, meanwhile rivalries can worsen. So when barriers for entry and exits are high, it means that companies have a higher potential to make more profit and the opposite occurs when barriers are low.The threat of substitutes: where it refers to substitute product as those that are available in other industry which can also fulfil the need and want of the consumers. It can affect competition in an industry by placing an invisible ceiling on prices which companies within the industry can charge, due to the fact that if the cost of substitute is low then the consumers will tend to purchase substitutes, therefore limiting the prices that a company can place on certain items to gain maximum profit. For example, lemonade can be substituted for a soft drink.Generally, competitive pressures arising from substitute products increase as the relativ e price of substitute products declines and as consumer's switching costs decrease. The bargaining power of buyers is affected by the concentration and number of consumers, when buyer power is strong, they gain the power to choose between producers and ultimately equip themselves with bargaining power which then the producers will have to conform to in order to produce profit, under these conditions the buyer has the most influence in determining the price of products.Also when buyers have strong bargaining power in the exchange relationship, competition can be affected in several ways. Powerful buyers can bargain for lower prices, better product distribution, higher-quality products, as well as other factors that can create greater competition among companies. To minimise the power of buyers, companies can develop offers in which strong buyers cannot refuse, also, companies can choose to select buyers with less bargaining power.Similarly, the bargaining power of suppliers affects t he intensity of competition in an industry, for a production industry that produces goods, raw materials are needed which creates a buyer and supplier relationship between the industry and companies which produces the raw materials. Suppliers may be able to determine prices especially when there are a large number of suppliers, limited substitute raw materials, or increased switching costs. The bargaining power of suppliers is important to industry competition because suppliers can also affect the quality of exchange relationships.Competition may become more intense as powerful suppliers raise prices, reduce services, or reduce the quality of goods or services. In order to minimise the power of suppliers, industry tend to build win-win relationships with suppliers where both parties benefits from it or arrange to use multiple suppliers so if one supplier chooses to increase their prices, the company doesn’t get affected as much. Competition is also affected by the rivalry amo ng existing firms, which is usually considered as the most powerful of the five competitive forces.In most industries, business organizations are mutually dependent, industries that are concentrated versus fragmented; often display the highest level of rivalry. A competitive move by one company in pursuing an advantage over its rivals can be expected to have a noticeable effect on its competitors, and thus, may cause retaliation of other companies, for example, lowering prices, enhancing quality, adding features, providing services, extending warranties, and increasing advertising, placing themselves in a competitive advantage over the competitors.The nature of competition is often affected by a variety of factors, such as the size and number of competitors, demand changes for the industry's products, the specificity of assets within the industry, the presence of strong exit barriers, and the variety of competitors. These conditions will lead to a more challenging industry where com panies compete in, leading to price wars, advertising battles, and the addition of new products. So after going through the five forces, let’s take a look at what strategic planning really means.If we are going to have a good strategy, we must separate strategy from goals and objectives and other issues that managers often think about. Now most management practitioners make the mistake in defining strategy, a strategy is what unique position that we will be able to achieve, what our advantage is going to be at the end of the day as we take these steps accumulatively over time, how we’re going to be unique? How we’re going to have an advantage? How we’re going to sustain the advantage over time? Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, Chau, 2011). The steps we take aren’t a strategy, but somehow numerous companies make the mistake of fixating themselves on a particular action that an organisation want to approach, which then inevitably becomes their strategy but that usually leads to the downfall of the company simply because they do not know why they’re doing it and when they should stop doing it. As we all know, every industry is different, therefore, there is no universal strategy that can apply to any business.But before proceeding, a company must understand their position and the industry that they are in and their circumstances in order to find a way of obtaining a competitive advantage over the competitors, where indefinitely delivering a unique value to the consumers which rivals cannot. As the five forces (Porter, 2001) suggests that being at a competitive advantage is the idealistic way of being on top, due to the fact that every industry has their own set of economics, the five forces (Porter, 2001) without a doubt acts as a framework to extract any necessary information needed to develop strategy to gain competitive advantage.The Five forces (Porter, 2001) help you home in on what is really causing prof itability, or in fact what is causing the trends of the significance and change of the industry. This powerful framework can prevent an organisation from getting tricked or trapped into the latest trends like the technological sensation, and really allowing organisations to focus solely on the underlying fundamentals. This can be applied to any industry whether if its production or a service, high tech or low tech, emerging or developed industries (Porter, 2001).With the framework at hand, it acts as a guide or even a tick off criteria sheet into strategic planning, how should we begin? The strategy formulating process will be pretty straight forward from here after deeply understanding the five forces which Porter (2001) proposed. The first step should be the analysis of the industry that a company is trying to get into, looking at the environment to tick off all of the 5 boxes one by one, evaluating what the industry looks like, how it’s been changing over time, and what ar e the drivers of competition (Schermerhorn et al, 2011).After a careful analyse the company is then required to under the dynamics as to where the industry is going, how the buyers and substitute’s entry level are evolving, and lastly how to position the company to gain a good profit. These are all extracted from the framework proposed by Porter (2001), although competition is sometimes looked at too narrowly, with careful analysis of the five forces (Porter, 2001) will ultimately position the company in a competitive advantage.Where a competitive advantage allows an organisation to deal with the market and environmental forces much better than its competitors (Ramon, 2012), to achieve this goal, the company needs to be at its best and better than the competitors who are trying to achieve the same goal in the same industry. Rather than a goal, competitive advantage is a position that a company wants to be in, a goal is to make the competitive advantage sustainable in spite of all the mockery of rivals, although achieving and sustaining it is a challenging task, but it will set concrete roots for the company in years to come.The implementation of strategic planning tools serves a variety of purposes in companies, including the clear definition of an organization's purpose and mission, and the establishment of a standard base from which progress can be measured and future actions can be planned. I-O psychologist Ramon E, Henson (2012) and Robert E, Ployhart (2012) although having disagreements in some parts of their papers, they ultimately come forward in reinforcing the importance of competitive advantage suggesting that I-O and strategy has been â€Å"joined at hips for years† (Ramon, 2012), also suggesting hat I-O psychology should stray from the focus of individuals and start focusing more on the company as a whole as they have â€Å"much to offer† in the understanding of competitive advantage (Ployhart, 2012). Furthermore, the strategic planning tools should communicate those goals and objectives to the organisation as a whole rather than just the ones involved in the strategic planning process (O’Shannassy, 2003) to achieve a more efficient work flow. Throughout the centuries, countless strategic approaches has been formed and used and recycled, so why use Porter’s Five Forces (2008)?For example, strategy as simple rules Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, ; Donald N. Sull, (2001). It illustrates the success story of Yahoo! , along with other successful companies coming from an unattractive market. â€Å"So how they did succeed? More generally, what are the sources of competitive advantage in high-velocity markets? What does strategy mean in the new economy? † (Eisenhardt et al, 2001, p. 108). The key is none-other than strategy as simple rules, it targets market confusion and rides the magic carpet to see where or what it will journey into.Although it is indeed called â€Å"simple rules†, a rule still applies to it, as one Internet executive explained: â€Å"I have a thousand opportunities a day; strategy is deciding which 50 to do. † (Eisenhardt et al, 2001, p. 108). As it summarises and illustrates that simple rules is all about taking risks, its essence is to capture unanticipated opportunities for ultimate success. Although for companies like Yahoo! has gained huge success, simple rules (2001) cannot apply to any industry as the authors suggests (Eisenhardt et al, 2001).If the opportunity presents itself, for anyone to use simple rules (2001) as a stepping stone to success, without a doubt, one should take the opportunity, but an opportunity does not just come without any background knowledge of a particular industry, and this is where Porter’s Five Forces (2008) comes into play, as it provides a framework for careful analysis of the industry, by analysing the industry will allow you to grab hold of the opportunities that might come about. Despite the fact that there are numerous of strategies to obtain competitive advantage, Porters Five Forces (2008) acts as a basis of all these trategies, as it is a tick-off criteria sheet which allows a company to understand their position before even implementing any sort of action. It is important as companies strives for ultimate profitability, thus the importance of a company securing a competitive advantage over their competitors is key, as even I-O psychologists supports the important of competitive advantage and that it should be a â€Å"department on its own† (Ployhart, 2012). How to implement strategy and sustaining it is another question. Although Yahoo! nd some other companies has succeeded without the five forces (Porter, 2008), it is a dangerous and risky step, and for those who doesn’t have the resource to throw around, Porters Five Forces (2008) will not only act as a friend but mentor to the journey of success. Reference John R. Schermerhorn, Paul Davidson, David Poo le, Alan Simon, Peter woods ; So Ling Chau (2011). Management 4th Asia-Pacific Edition. Queensland, Australia: John Wiley ; Sons Australia, Ltd. Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, ; Donald N. Sull, (2001). Strategy as Simple Rules. Harvard Business Review,79(1), 106-116.Porter E. Michael. THE FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES THAT SHAPE STRATEGY. Harvard Business Review, 00178012, Jan2008, Vol. 86, Issue 1. RAMON M. HENSON. Industrial-Organizational and Strategy Are Integrated in Practice! Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5(2012), pp82-86. Robert E. Ployhart. From Possible to Probable: The Psychology of Competitive Advantage. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2012), 120–126. Tim O’Shannassy, (2003). Modern Strategic management: Balancing Strategic Thinking and Strategic Planning for Internal and External Stakeholders. Singapore Management Review, 25(1), 53-67.

How do you envision the city of the future Scholarship Essay

How do you envision the city of the future - Scholarship Essay Example This stress and strain is because of a surge in the population of the current cities that has been experienced over the past two decades. About 70% of the public amenities that are currently being used were budgeted and planned for far less populations that they are currently handling. I envision that a city of the future will have architectural structures and designs that will be spacious enough to accommodate populations without feeling the need of expansion. This includes improved road networks and other modes of transport. These buildings and amenities for the future should be built using designs that aim at sustaining and conserving the environment. This is by having enough supply of efficient and clean energy. Building designs should see to it that natural light and natural ventilation is adapted to the fullest so as to eliminate over dependence on electricity. This will cut down immensely the electricity bills as a result water towers and catchment areas will be restored and reserved. Electricity used in these buildings should be generated from greener technologies such as wind and solar energy (Davis, 2009). The material used in constructing these buildings should also be environment friendly ad should include recycled material. This will stop the constructors from going back to destroy natural habitat. Another expectation of the city of the future is minimal if not total elimination of the use of fossil fuels. This can only be achieved by adopting technologies that avoid carbon emission as their waste. One such technology that I envisage is the complete adoption of electricity powered vehicles. Automobiles contribute immensely to the emission of carbon to the atmosphere. By cutting down on these emissions, the atmosphere will be very clean and hence the quality of the air will be more healthy for human beings and

The Volcanic Island Arcs of the Pacific Term Paper

The Volcanic Island Arcs of the Pacific - Term Paper Example (Akusekijima) near Pacific. Iriomotejimi: In the north of Iriomotejimi Island, submarine volcano is present. This volcano is located 25 km north north east (NNE) at the tip of Iriomotejimi island. The estimated depth of the area where this island is located is about 200 to 300 meters. A major eruption took place at this volcanic island in 1924. The after effects of this eruption were terrible. The pumice rafts produced with this eruption had total volume about 1 cu km. This was carried away by water currents along the whole coast of Japan as far as Hokkaido situated in the north. The largest block formed by melted concrete also known as pumice blocks exceeded up to 1x2 meters in size. The volume of eruption proved to be the largest among all the historical eruption. The largest volume made this outbreak volcanic explosion as the largest in Japan’s history. Kikai Caldera Kikai Caldera is a massive volcano up to 12 miles in diameter. This volcano is located in Osumi islands in J apan. This volcano is the remain of ancient volcanic eruptions took place thousands years ago. Akahova eruption is directly connected to Kikai Caldera. This eruption is considered one among the largest volcanic eruptions took place during Holocene ten thousand years ago. The consequences of this volcanic eruption prolonged and about six thousand years ago, pyroclastic flows from that outbreak and the magma reached to the southern coast of Kyushu. This flow extended over an extensive area up to 62 miles away. The ash could be felt at distant areas. This eruption further produced round about 150 cubic kilometers of tephra. The Volcanic Explosivity Index was 7 due to this massive explosion. So, the ongoing conditions made this one of the most destructive and explosive in last 10, 000... The term paper "The Volcanic Island Arcs of the Pacific" talks about the Pacific tectonic plates all along the boundary situated in the West. These plates move under another and sink into the mantle of the Earth. As a result subduction zones establish in broad curves and island chains develop along these zones. These chains are known as island arcs. Islands are formed due to these volcanic activities but at the same time, there might be several other reasons. Flexing plates, sometimes, up to warp the floor of the sea, lifting it out and form islands. Moreover, if subducting plate has plentiful sediments then these sediments may be slipped off to overriding plates. This scrapped sediment portion builds up into a wedge which is called mà ©lange. Sometimes this wedge may put up so much that it converts into a ridge. This ridge further dominates the forearc. For arch is the region present in between the trench axis and island arc. When tectonic forces apply to these forearcs, they get uplift and the ridges are also uplifted and form islands. Examples of such types of islands include Yap, Guam, and Eua. The Kuril Islands formed volcanic arc composed of 45 volcanoes present on 20 islands. The Pacific Plate shifts with great velocity. This speed is about 90 mm per year. The Pacific plate subducts under Okhotsk Plate near Kuril trench. Here it goes deeper in a northwest direction. This area is seismically very active to a depth of about 680 km. the volcanoes present here are heated up with melted magma.

Black in latin america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Black in latin america - Essay Example The Haitians, on one side openly acknowledges their African heritage and respects it. This respect has led to their openly defending their being related to the Africans, a defence they have paid an agonizing price for. The Dominicans, on the other hand, is a multiracial society that tries to identify with the whites. They shun their African heritage and roots and openly embrace European identities mainly Hispanic. Being a multiracial, the Dominicans have always tried to push the African heritage to the background in the name of national identity. This has its origin in 1844 when the country became free from the Haitians, at this time, and anything associated with Haiti especially creole, statues and the African pride was considered low and inferior. It is also notable from the movie that there has emerged a new group in Dominica still identifying itself with their black ancestors. The situation in Haiti is exactly the opposite. They embrace their African heritage to the extent that even their heroes’ statues are almost all black. The music and arts in Haiti and even the culture and language have deep African roots, and the people are proud of their heritage. I terms of religion, the Haitians have besides the Roman Catholic, the voodoo, a religion that combines both catholic and African influences. Although in the same island, the two countries are depicted in the movie as having differ ing attitudes towards their common African

Mnging people in retil Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mnging people in retil - Case Study Example In most retil orgniztions, these chnges come in the fce of reltively little premerger plnning. lthough mny firms consider the implictions of structurl chnge on their orgniztion, often such nlysis is cursory nd superficil. This pper will introduce the elements of structure within the retil orgniztion, then explore the reltionship mong structure, strtegy, nd culture. Finlly, the structurl chnges within retil orgniztion strtegy is presented in the previous pssges of the pper. Retil orgniztionl structure hs numerous dimensions: formliztion, speciliztion, stndrdiztion, hierrchy of uthority, complexity, centrliztion, professionlism, nd personnel rtios. mong them, complexity, formliztion, nd centrliztion re focl to our discussion of retil orgniztion (see Figure 1). Complexity refers to the number nd vriety of hierrchicl lyers, job titles, nd divisions nd deprtments within n orgniztion. The more lyers nd divisions, the higher the complexity of n orgniztion. (Bddeleys, Jmes, 1990) It is needed to sy tht the level of complexity vries within the retil orgniztion. Within Tesco, the legl deprtment hs mny lyers of lwyers nd stff members servicing the legl needs of different regions of the country, wheres mnufcturing my hve only one loction with two hierrchicl levels. Formliztion refers to the number nd content of rules nd regultions present within n retil orgniztion. The more written rules, stndrd operting procedures, nd policy mnuls, the more forml n orgniztion. The degree of formliztion determines how mny decisions re preprogrmmed, since rules nd mnuls cn replce mngeril decision mking. Highly formlized structures led to routine work nd ctivity. In forml orgniztions, behviors nd ctivities re predetermined since they re described in some document. Employee freedom in decision mking nd behvior is therefore highly limited. dditionlly, formliztion often leds to impersonlity for both employees nd customers Centrliztion The compny tht is being discussed hs decentrlized retil dministrtion. It is counted to be the cornerstone of orgniztionl policy tht is crucil when it comes to compny's retil success nd some difficulties to overcome every now nd then. The ltter my relte to the locl overpricing of goods, poor service, out-of-stock conditions, nd excessive nd unblnced inventories. t the mentime, compny officers ssume tht the dvntges of decentrliztion previl over its disdvntges. Centrliztion Centrliztion refers to the distribution of power nd decision mking within n orgniztion. The less the number of groups nd levels involved in decision mking, the more centrlized firm. In centrlized orgniztions, lrge mjority of ll decisions re mde by top mngers. In decentrlized orgniztions, on the other hnd, decisions re delegted or pushed down to lower levels. DETERMINNTS OF STRUCTURE There hs been considerble reserch regrding the fctors tht determine, nd re determined by, the structure nd design of n orgniztion. The fctors considered most often re size, technology, strtegy, externl environment, nd most recently, culture nd ledership. Evidence cn be found supporting the position tht these elements determine structure nd tht structure determines them. So there is circulr reltionship mong them. They ll mutully

Fashion interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fashion interview - Research Paper Example The essay "Fashion interview" provides the interview in fashion. Interviewer: Tell me a little about yourself. Where are you from? What is your educational background? What are your general professional and non-professional interests? Nayla: My name is Nayla. I am from Bahrain and I am studying graphic design. I enjoy all areas of design. I like to draw and listen to music in my spare time. Interviewer: How did you get into fashion design? Nayla: It has always been an interest while growing up. I just finally decided it was time to pursue it. Interviewer: Did you want to become a fashion designer when you were young? Nayla: As I said earlier, it has always been an interest growing up. While in high school, I kept going back and forth not being able to decide what to major in and one of the choices was fashion design. Although it is not my major, I do enjoy it very much. Interviewer: What inspired you to get into fashion design? Nayla: The joy of wearing good clothes. Interviewer: Wha t do you enjoy most about designing clothes? Nayla: Fashion really is about who you are and how you want to be perceived. So designing something that helps a person achieve that and feel confident makes me happy. Interviewer: What is the most challenging part? Nayla: People’s taste. You never know how the public will react to a piece you design until you test the market. That is what makes me nervous and challenges me to create something likeable by a bigger audience. Interviewer: What do you think are the latest fashion trends?

Evidence based practice report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evidence based practice report - Essay Example using on this topic and conducting an Evidence Based Study on it will help me gain more knowledge and understanding on an area that I would like to further venture in. Reviewing the various studies related to this topic will be an effective way through which I will be able to through acquire up to date information on the selected study area, and to further enhance my ability to promote quality health care among the elderly as well as to enhance patient satisfaction (Bastin, 2009). According to Sacket et al. (2007), the professional practice of nursing through the use of obtained evidence through EBP has been found to improve patient care and provision of health services as compared to the convectional nursing practices. Through EBP, nurses are getting to actively take a role in the process of medical decision as they are able to make use of the most efficient and relevant information obtained through research to decide on the right course of action (Mantzoukas, 2007) This report will also appraise and critic the evidence or research studies available on the selected topic of study. Evidence Based Practice has been defined as a means through which clinical problems and questions are solved through the use of up to date evidence in addition to ones professional skills and proficiency as well as through the incorporation of nursing ethics and patient needs (Melnyk & Fineout-Overhault, 2010; Pierson & Schelke, 2009). EBP is based on the view that the development of clinical practices should be done with regard to the existing and most current evidence or facts, theory as well as research. The continuous transformation in the medical sector as well as the day to developments calls for more research to be done. The information collected through the conducted researches serves as evidence to use in practice. EBP is in this case aimed at enhancing the quality and adequacy of health care delivery and practice (Snyder, 2007). The information collected through EBP serves a

Military Intervention in Turkish Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Military Intervention in Turkish Politics - Essay Example Intellectuals and politicians also voiced out sentiments against the monopolization of political power by a single party. In response to these issues, the president permitted greater freedom for the expression of political opposition. Some members of the RPP took advantage of this and formed the new organization, the Democratic Party. For next four years, the Democrats frequently challenged government policy and were able to attract support by proficiently utilizing the growing popular hostility with the interference of the state in peoples' lives. The state eventually underwent a peaceful transition to a multiparty. The government had undertook agricultural reforms and to improve the standard of living of the peasants. They brought in huge quantities of expensive agricultural machinery, built dams and irrigation canals and constructed a national network of highways that in general helped communication as well as unlock previously remote regions to commercial agriculture. By mid-1950s the economy began to decline and agriculture was devastated by series of droughts. In addition, they faced a problem of spending without planning and importing consumer products and expensive machinery without funds to pay for them. It created annual budget deficits that in turn amounting national debt. The Democrats faced public cr iticism. Eventually, they censor the press, imprison journalists, and shut down offending newspapers which caused violent protest. The government called upon the army to disrupt Republican Party campaign rallies to maintain law and order. However, they didn't want to be turned into a tool of political repression against the state's principle and in time, the intervened and ended the first Turkish republic. Second Intervention Turkey underwent social, economic, and demographic change. There was a rapid urbanization caused by the migration of villagers to cities in search of better economic opportunities. Social and economic transformation, for the most part with the transition from an agricultural to a mixed economy put strain to Turkey's two-party political system, the Republican and Justice. When new governments came to power, the industrialists and peasants, who prospered in the first republic, did not want to lose their status. They formed political parties to represent their particular interests in the national assembly. On the other hand, the industrial workers and university students, Marxists and Muslim revivalists, believed their needs were being ignored. They formed their own organizations and parties through which they hoped to gain a share of political power. The process of institutionalizing interest groups led to a propagation of political parties. Various smaller organizations attracted enough voters to prevent either Justice or the Republicans ahead with absolute majority. The excessive favors granted to the minorities causes social and political disorder and paralyze the legislative process. There was a wave of social unrest marked by street demonstrations,

Industry and the united states Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Industry and the united states - Essay Example The hand made products were then replaced by the factory products thus making them more accessible and more affordable to the Americans. The process of industrial revolution started in Great Britain when machinery was invented to replace human labor while fossil fuel to replace wind, water and wood (Alam 23). The full impact industrialization was fully felt when the use of machine spread to other corners of the globe in around 1800AD. This led to comprehensive rises in production capacity that affected all the basic human needs from food production, housing and clothing among others. Industrial revolution opened the American economy to merge with the world economy thus initiating the exchange of goods and services between them and different countries. These also paved ways for the establishment of economies, which promoted their businesses and made them to expand and conquer the global economy. The ability of the Americans to dominate the seas allowed their merchants to displace othe r from the world trade system thus benefiting them greatly. The creation of the world economy was a result of industrialization that greatly benefited the Americans as they get ready market for their goods, most of which were of superior quality (Vitiello 21). Industrialized Lives Industrialization prompted a movement for rural life to urban life resulting to urbanization in the American states. Others who could not sustain the lavish urban life remained in slums resulting in the development of social classes and segregation of individuals. The introduction of new technology in areas of agriculture resulted in improvements in production of foods and increased trade. The tools produced from industries provided the platform for the Americans to increase their production techniques in their farming fields. The average women in America also took advantage of the opportunities presented by industrialization in America to advance socially, economically and politically (Cancian, Goodman & Smith, 14). They left the traditional women chores of cooking meals, and taking care of other household duties to engage in business and to work in the industries. The demands of workers for the factories initiated women's empowerment programs to enable them work in these factories in the same capacity as men. Women got a glimpse of the life at work, compared it with the traditional household duties, and resulted to a new dimension in family relationships. The industries also took advantage of the situation and reduce the wages since women worked for lower wages than men. This initiated the idea that women are of same competency as men and they begin to advocate for equal opportunity with men in workplaces. Industrialization led to segregation of people into different age groups especially through the blacks and the whites. The blacks who are the minority were often looked down upon at the expense of the whites with respect to the opportunities that were availed by industries. Areas dominated by the white population got attention form the government than those dominated by other races. The Native American thus greatly benefited from government incentives at the expense of the black population (Wythe 11). Industry and Population Growth The entrance of industries saw a sharp increase in population growth in the United States. The population in the United Sta

Problem Solving Mini Project Report Essay Example for Free

Problem Solving Mini Project Report Essay 1.Introduction NTU students spend lots of time in tutorial rooms studying. However, the chairs in NTU tutorial rooms are uncomfortable. Seat pans and backrests are plastic and tables attached to right armrests are 20cm above the seat pans and too small to place taptops. Students complain about these chairs. According to our group’s survey, 70 of 72 SM2 students suffer backaches after long hours of writing sitting on the chairs. Since tables are fixed, most students are forced to bend down to write on the table for a long time, which puts a great strain on their backs and causes pain. Also, half students interviewed feel the illumination of rooms is inadequate. Therefore, we have modified the TR chairs to solve these problems. 2.Body 2.1 Criteria for solution The modified chairs should meet the following requirements: †¢Tables are adjustable and easy to fold; †¢Backrests support the back of the body; †¢Seatmats are soft; †¢Tables can generate light according to indoor lighting conditions; †¢Chairs are aesthetically pleasing; †¢Cost is low. 2.2 Description of the solution Our ‘wonderchairs’ are like glossy silver eggs made from hard glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP). Chairs have three foldable layers with two wheels at the bottom. The top layer with one side stuffed with rayon can be flipped over as a backrest. The backrest is positioned at an angle of 100 °and stuffed with soft Rayon stuffing which supports the back of the body comfortably. The second layer serves as a table with a 22cm-radius, overcoming the existing defect of being too small which hinders comfortable writing. It can be easily lifted and pushed forward by 20cm by pulling or rotating a lever to suit a student’ personal need so that he can write comfortably on the table. The third layer is a relaxing 24cmÃâ€"24cm seat with a beige corduroy cover and Rayon stuffing. The tables can automatically generate light from LED lamps on the desktop. Lamps are 25cm sticks in a groove on the table when not working. By rotating them 90 °we connect the lamps to a circuit and they start working. Tables consist of three layers. The first is made from transparent GFRP to allow maximum light to pass through and be absorbed and turned into electricity by the photo-voltaic panel in the second layer. The second layer also contains a light sensor detecting lighting condition and accordingly adjusting the intensity of the lamp light. Powered by photo-voltaic panel, the lamp produces proper light according to the indoor illumination conditions. This ensures appropriate room lighting. The third layer is opaque GFRP to strengthen the table. The self-lighting system utilizes solar energy to create light, so it is energy-saving and environmentally-friendly. 2.3 Cost The wonderchairs have low cost and predict great potential for mass use in colleges. One chair: SG$ 1 (Rayon)1 SG$ 1 (Aluminum lever+wheels)2 SG$ 2 (GFRP)3 SG$ 2.5 (solar panel)4 SG$ 0.1 (light sensor)5 SG$ 1 (lamp)6 Total: SG$ 7.51 3 Conclusion Our wonderchairs are targeted at reducing present NTU TR chairs’ discomfort and harm to the human body. Their soft seatmats, supportive backrests and adjustable tables minimize backaches and maximize comfort levels for students. The lighting system provides appropriate light. Their revolutionary egg-shaped design also appeals to students. Moreover, they are cheap enough to be used on a great scale and their use can be extended to homes and offices to benefit more people.

An Inspector Calls Essay Example for Free

An Inspector Calls Essay I believe that An Inspector Calls is a successful play because all audiences enjoy suspense and tension, and in this story they run rampant. The tense atmosphere and great pace means that the audience never gets bored. The feelings from the characters can be related to real life and this makes the play that bit more believable. The issues in the play are also issues of today, the prejudice and social class, mean a lot in the play and to some extent they also appear in modern day life. The rich expect different treatment from those of lower classes and also expect a different set of laws. The way the inspector talks to the Birlings and to Gerald Croft brings them down to a different level to the one that they are used to. The inspector questions things that Mr Birling thinks are not for him to question. Mr Birling: . I refused of course Inspector: Why? Mr Birling (surprised): did you say why? The inspector, it seems, will not be intimidated by Mr Birling. Mr Birling: How do you get on with our Chief constable, Colonel Roberts? Inspector: I dont see much of him. Mr Birling: Perhaps I ought to warn you that hes an old friend of mine, and that I see him fairly regularly. .. Inspector (dryly): I dont play golf. This shows that the inspector means business and will not be threatened off the case. This conflict runs through the play and the audience is awed by the way that the inspector coolly and calmly handles the investigation. He has an aura of mystery about him that audiences love. The name Goole, could be a clever trick on words, Goole sounds the same as Ghoul. One meaning a supernatural beast and the other a simple name. This theory fits in with the content of the play, the inspector is not intimidated by threats, each line of enquiry has a result, this is incredible almost as if he knew what they were going to say, as Sheila notes Sheila (slowly): We hardly ever told him anything that he didnt know. Did you notice that? It is almost as if the inspector has been sent from the future to show the Birlings the error of their ways. Sheila points out again; Sheila (passionately): Youre pretending everythings just as it is before. And Sheila: I tell you whoever that inspector was it was far from a joke. You knew it then. You began to learn something. And now youve stopped. The inspector wrenches them from their cosy world and shows them a bit of the real world. None of the family (Except the younger generation) knows what their town is really like, as Mrs Birling exclaims; Mrs Birling (staggered): Well, really! Alderman Meggarty! I must say, we are learning something tonight. The atmosphere also has a large influence on the audience. It fluctuates greatly from being light and airy when they are celebrating to when the inspector is questioning and during the final part it is dark and sombre. This has a very dramatic effect and compels you to continue reading the play if you are watching the play unfold before you the effect, I expect, is magnified. Most plots have one twist but this play has several. The audience is enthralled that a respectable middle class family could be responsible for such a death. The audience waits patiently for the inspector to implicate and arrest one but much to their surprise he implicates all of them in the suicide, each accusation getting worse from firing her as an employee to being impregnated by a young drunkard. This fact means that the audience gradually build up their suspense for the final character Eric. But another twist is evoked and the inspector does not arrest anybody. The final twist though is the greatest. As the play draws to a close, the phone rings it is the Police Station phoning to say that a young girl has just died and that an inspector will be over to ask a few questions. This is ironic in the extreme, the play has come full circle and is about to start all over again it seems. Any thing that keeps the audience waiting or does not expect, the audience likes and this final twist is certainly not expected. Another factor to the written marvel that is this play is the timing of bells or the telephone. At the beginning of the play when Mr Birling is giving the two young boys some good advice he is interrupted by the arrival of the inspector. Mr Birling (solemnly): .. that a man has to mind his own business and look after his own and We hear the sharp ring of a frond door bell. BIRLING stops to listen. It is ironic that Mr Birling is saying that every man has to mind of his own business and should look after himself. The inspector makes them see other peoples problems and not just there own. Each of the characters are implicated, this is ironic because they all say that they had nothing to/or to do with the girl. It is also ironic that Mrs Birling implicates her son. Mrs Birling(severely):. And if youd take some steps to find this young man and then make sure that he is compelled to confess in public his responsibility- instead of staying here asking unnecessary questions then you would really be doing your duty. ..Mrs Birling (understanding now): But surely I mean. its ridiculous The whole play is set in one room. This means that the characters have to focus on the characters because there is no new scene for their eyes to explore. As a result they can get an understanding of the characters that some other plays dont allow, the audience feels that they are a part of events they can relate to images and ideas explored in the play and so this makes the play that bit more vivid and exciting. It is for these reasons that the play is so successful. There are many topics that can be related to todays life, this provokes thoughts from the audience that they would not otherwise had. The characters in the play are easy to relate to and are a masterful creation, because of this the story is easy to follow and involving for the audience. The plot has been written so that things you expect to happen, happen, but they still surprise you, and things that you as the audience dont expect to happen still happen. All of these things contribute to a beautifully crafted and thought out play and this makes it one of my favorites.

Is Social Trust a Cause for Civic Disengagement?

Is Social Trust a Cause for Civic Disengagement? Is social trust a cause for civic disengagement in the last few decades? Research question In the last few decades since the Post War period, there has been a sharp decline in civic engagement in world democracies. Civic disengagement is mostly reflected in low levels of electoral turnout, low volunteering activity, low levels of social capital and social trust. This research focuses on low levels of social trust as a crucial cause for low civic engagement. Social trust refers to the level of trust each individual has towards other individuals in a community, organizations and authorities inside a community. Levels of social trust are often associated with levels of social capital. Social capital is the network of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. The decline in social capital erodes civic participation, impersonal trust, social and political trust. This research will base its literature review upon two different theoretical arguments; one theory based on Robert Putnam, Dietlind Stolle et al., argue that the main cause for low social trust levels rests on ethnic diversity and that more homogenous communities have higher levels of social trust which in turn leads to more social capital. Whereas Natalia Letki develops a counterargument in which refers to social deprivation being the main cause for low levels of social trust but nevertheless it is neglected by many analysts which primarily focus on ethnic diversity. Based on the methodology, the research will conclude whether to accept the working hypotheses and reject null hypothesis and decide which theoretical argument fits better based on the results. The topic raised by this research is of great significance as the rise of civic disengagement is a problematic evidence in world societies that needs to be addressed and be given importance. The absence of social trust causes setbacks to social cooperation, civic activity and creates individuality and social divisions in a community. This research attempts to raise awareness by analysing these problems and provide a series of solutions that could be used to boost higher levels of social trust in a community in order to increase civic engagement. Literature Review Social trust is strongly associated with many other forms of civic engagement and social capital; people who trust their fellow citizens volunteer more often, contribute more to charity, are more engaged and participate more often in community organizations, serve more readily on juries, comply more fully with their tax obligations, are more tolerant of minority views and display many other forms of civic virtue (Putnam , 2000, p. 136). The issue of diversity in relation to trust is widely discussed between political analysts. Robert Putnam, Dietlind Stolle et al., argue that social and all elements of social capital are unlikely to happen in multi-ethnic community as neighbourhoods, regions or states with more ethnic, racial experience substantially low levels of social capital and cooperation which hinder collective action and social welfare. According to Putnam trust should prosper in homogenous settings and suffer when faced with heterogeneity. ‘Trust seems easier to develop when we are familiar with the people around us, and particularly when they appear similar to ourselves’ (Stolle , et al., 2008, p. 58). This theory argues that ethnic and racial differences discourage reliance on the behaviour of one’s neighbours, friends and colleagues, thereby reducing levels of interpersonal trust, the capacity for cooperation and support for collective action. On the other hand Natalia Letki, counter argues that the main factor undermining all types of interactions and positive attitudes among neighbours is low-socio economic status as opposed to ethnic diversity. She further develops that many analysts often combine ethnic diversity with social deprivation which leads them to cause a direct correlation between ethnic diversity and low levels of social capital; deprivation is the major factor eroding community relations and negatively tinting ethnic diversity due to correlation of ethnic diversity and social deprivation (Letkin, 2008, p. 101). She agrees with Putnam’s theory that diversity may well have a negative effect on individuals’ propensity to interact with fellow neighbours; however, once the interaction takes place, its effect is positive: the attitudes of racial hostility, distrust and prejudice are overcome and an individual becomes more favourable towards other people in general (Letkin, 2008, p. 105). According t o her, common principles and shared values can also be founded in multi-ethnic, multi-faith and multi-cultural societies (Letkin, 2008, p. 103). Hypotheses As for this multivariate analysis, the main dependent variable of the model tested in this research is neighbourhood social trust, which is regressed at the individual level on social volunteering, ethnic diversity, social deprivation, education and age. This research hypothesises that low social trust levels are mainly affected by social deprivation rather than ethnic diversity, therefore supporting the theoretical argument from Natalia Letki. It also hypothesises that the ethnic diversity can also have a significant impact on social trust level in a short term period, but it is unlikely that this variable will continue to have a significant impact in the long run once the interaction between diverse ethnicities takes place, its effect is positive: the attitudes of racial hostility and prejudice are overcome, and an individual becomes more favourable towards other people in general, increasing levels of social trust. Therefore, the association between ethnic diversity and social trust is a spurious association. In a spurious association, the confounding variable acts as obscure in the true relationship between two variables. The confounding variable in this case is ethnic diversity (X variable) which has a direct relationship with social trust (Y variable), however, because social deprivation (Z variable) is also considered, the significance of the direct relationship between ethnic diversity and social trust disappears. Therefore the association between ethnic diversity (variable X) and social trust (variable Y) is due to both of them being influenced by class deprivation (variable Z) as illustrated in figure 1. Methodology To answer this research question it is necessary to use statistical data to support the argument. The raw data supplied is from SPSS statistics which this research will work with. The table below shows the data results accounted for each variable in the model. Data results were coded from respondents which were asked how much they are likely to trust an individual based on nine different variables in the model. Note that only the most important/significant variables are illustrated graphically. Volunteering measures social capital levels. Its P-value is smaller than 0.05 and therefore, we reject the null hypothesis as there is an association between social trust and social capital controlling for all other variables in model. The association is positive as B coefficient is 0.492 and this means that as volunteering levels increase social trust is also increasing. This positive relationship is illustrated graphically in figure 2 and through the slope of the line of best fit, it is possible to see the type of relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Ethnicity-white, measures the white population density where respondents live in relation to social trust. P-value is bigger than 0.05 and so we accept the null hypothesis as there is no association between white ethnic density and social trust when we control for all other variables in the model. Social deprivation is measured through social class and professional occupation. P-value is less than 0.05 and so the null hypothesis is rejected as there is an association between social deprivation and social trust when we control for all other variables in the model. The relationship is positive as B coefficient is 0.40 meaning that as the levels of social status increase, social trust also increases. This is graphically illustrated in figure 4, as the slope of the line is upwards. Ethnicity measures the ethnicity of the respondent against social trust. It is a dummy variable 0= white, 1= ethnic minority. Its P-value is less than 0.05 and the relationship is negative as B coefficient is -0.548. We reject the null hypothesis as the there is an association when we control these two variables in the model. This is graphically illustrated in figure 5. Graduate measures the level of education against social trust. Its P-value is smaller 0.05 and there is a positive association between the two variables when we control the two variables in the model as B coefficient is 0.775. This means that as number of graduates increase social trust levels will also increase. This is graphically illustrated in figure 6 through the slope of the line of best fit. The P-value is smaller than 0.05 when age and social trust are measured. There is a positive association when we control both variables in the model as B value is 0.21. As age increases social trust also increases and this is graphically illustrated in figure 7 through the slope of the line of best fit. Conclusion To conclude this research, it is important to link the results from the data with the two distinct theoretical arguments from Putnam, Stolle et al. Based on the results, it is more plausible to accept Letki’s argument in which social deprivation has a bigger impact on social trust levels than ethnic diversity. The B coefficient for social deprivation is 0.40 and 0.004 for white ethnic density when both are measured against social trust. The slope of the line is more positive for social deprivation meaning that the higher the levels of social status the higher impact it has on social trust levels, if social status decrease then social trust will immediately decrease. Therefore we agree with the argument Letki makes on social inequality affecting social cohesion – ‘Individual-level deprivation, regardless of one’s ethnic background, limits opportunities to participate in social life and exercise civic rights and neighbourhood deprivation is associated with po or living conditions and disorder’ (Letkin, 2008, p. 101). It is also important to name a few solutions that could be used to increase social trust levels in a community. Firstly, we need to mobilise people to engage. Mobilisation is a very consistent influence on civic engagement. People who are asked to undertake a particular action are more likely to be civically active than those who are not, particularly if they are asked by a close acquaintance. Therefore, people respond most readily to requests from friends and family. But failing that, they are also responsive to requests from more distant acquaintances – better to be asked than not to be asked at all (Pattie, et al., 2003, p. 461). Also people also need to be persuaded to take more actions inside a community, as Putnam suggests it seems that encouraging people to join clubs, societies and voluntary organisations helps engender some form of civic action. Social trust is often emerged through collective activism, as individuals interact more with each other in any kind of socia l activity they become more familiar and confident with the surroundings and other individuals around them. Bibliography Halperin , S. Heath, O., (2012) Political Research: Methods and Pratical Skills. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Letkin, N., (2008) Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social capital and Race in British neighbourhoods. Political studies , 56(1), pp. 99-121. Pattie, C., Seyd, P. Whiteley, P., (2003) Citizenship ad Civic Engagement: Attitudes and Behaviour in Britain. Political Studies, 51(3), pp. 443-466. Putnam , R., (2000) Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community. 1st ed. New York : Simon Schuster Paperbacks. Stolle , D., Soroka, S. Johnston, R., (2008) When Does Diversity Rrode Trust? Neighbourhood Diversity, Interperonal Trust and Mediating Effect of Social Interaction. Poltiical Studies, 56(1st), pp. 56-71. 1

Cyber Security Policies and Defense Contractors Essay -- Cyberspace Po

Abstract Cyber security policies in the private sector have been a challenging issue for major defense contractors, especially after recent attacks. As a result, the U.S. increased its strict enforcement against these companies by justifying its intervention to improve cyber security. The government would like to impose standards for companies who lack the proper protocol. Due to the revised and new procedures, corporations are responding by rejecting any congressional intervention. This has caused major friction in the relationship between the government and industry. The executive, judicial and legislative branch believes its responsibility is to provide cyber security capabilities to protect all information at contractor facilities. On the other hand, companies believe their current structure will provide the best protection for their clients. In addition, businesses believe their not being compensated enough by the government for the responsibility they have taken on. As these issues continue to arise, lawmakers have taken drastic measures to implement policies that will allow them to oversee their cyber security practices. Introduction Past and recent cyber attacks like Wiki Leaks have prompted the United States government to make drastic modifications to its cyber security policies. Various regulations are, have been and will be put in place to meet the growing problems within the cyber realm. The Cyberspace Policy Review is one plan to evaluate all U.S. strategies pertaining to cyber security. This review will include many procedures that handle security, operations, incident response and recovery. New and existing policies are being revised to meet the requirement set by U.S. government. As a result, the privat... ...o overcome these obstacles, both entities will need to establish a partnership that will assist each other in securing their classified and highly sensitive information. It is imperative that corporations adhere to the rules and regulations outlined by the federal government to prevent cyber attacks and information lost. Although private sector disagrees with these new regulations, the government still believes these policies will benefit the industry tremendously. If these two entities work together, they can provide resources between both domains to help eliminate the rise in cyber attacks. Even though hack events will continue to rise, the government can reduce the amount of cyber attacks with experience security professionals and open communication. These modifications will help prevent further attacks before they occur and defend against others when they occur.

The furture of early childhood education Essay -- essays research pape

The Future of Early Childhood Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you ask someone to list for you the most important jobs of our society, teachers always make the list sometimes beating out careers like doctor or lawyer. Ironically, for a career we value so much, teaching has never been a well paying profession. But times are about to change. Due to an increasing demand and a fixed supply, salaries for early education teachers are expected to increase within the next decade. The United States Board of Labor ranks this career as one of the highest paying of the next ten years, with an expected median tenure salary of over ninety thousand by the year 2012. Even taking into account inflation, working conditions, and different people’s preferred lifestyle, it is reasonable to say that a career in early childhood education can provide a very comfortable living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The law of supply and demand helps us understand how price is set in our society. It states that if the supply of a good increases, or if the demand of a good decreases, then the price of the good drops. The opposite is also true, if the supply decreases and the demand increases, than a good becomes more expensive. The theory of supply and demand is very powerful, and can be applied to many different things. In this paper, it will be used to explain why teachers’ salaries are expected to increase a great deal. The number of teachers will be the supply, the need for teachers will be the demand, and salaries will be the price that will be affected. In 2002 there were over two million positions for early education teachers in the United States. Of the teachers in those jobs, â€Å"about 1.5 million were elementary school teachers, 424,000 were preschool teachers, and 168,000 were kindergarten teachers†(Outlook). The majority of these teachers worked for the local government educational services, with about ten percent working for private schools. While the majority of preschool teachers are employed by child daycare services. Geographically, teaching positions vary with the population. Highly populated areas have more employment opportunities. Every year, a greater number of students enroll into the United States school system. More students increase the need for more schools and qualified teachers. In addition to the population growth, a number of initiatives have been impl... ...their families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  State employed teachers will not have to worry about retirement, because they are guaranteed a pension salary once they retire. Teachers will not have to stress or fear for the future like some other members of the workforce who were relying on social security.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early childhood teachers also have the satisfaction of having a career in one of the most respected professions in our society. They will have to fulfillment of knowing that what they do makes a difference. Works Cited Case, Karl E. †Principles of Macroeconomics† Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall Van Dalen, Deobold B. â€Å"Looking Ahead To Teaching† Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Boston. Kahn, Alfred J. â€Å"Child Care: Facing the Hard Choices† Auburn House Publishing Company. Massachusetts. â€Å"Occupational Outlook Handbook† U.S. Department of Labor http://stats.bls.gov/search/ooh.asp?qu=teachers&ct=OOH (2005) â€Å"Critical Issues Facing the Teaching Profession† The South Carolina Center for Teacher Recrutement (2004) http://www.cerra.org/sectionone.pdf Cameron, Bruce â€Å"New municiple fund may well be the shape of things to come† August 14, 2004 Personal Finance Magazine

Definition of Leadership :: Leadership Traits

In its simplest terms, leadership is the process of influencing the behavior of another person while fully respecting the freedom of that person (Encarta). Two aspects of this definition are important. First, a significant part of effective leadership is the close connection between the leader and the follower, which often determines the success of the leader's mission. Unfortunately, this leader-follower relationship cannot be created according to some simple formula. Without inspiration, involvement, and encouragement from both participants, the relationship can not be effective. Leaders, in particular, must give an extra effort to reach out to followers in order to initiate and develop this alliance that is so critical to the achievement of goals. The leaders face special challenges as they try to communicate and interact with their followers and potential followers to understand and know what they think and what they do. Developing their leadership style in response to diversity , and ethics will give them an edge as they build relationships with their subordinators. Secondly, leaders who begin to use force, coercion, and manipulation must later use more force, coercion, and manipulation precisely because their ability to influence - truly lead - is diminished. In my company I have never seen our lead to use any force to associates for achieving goals, because he’d like to be a true leader for a long time. I believe that there are times in the life of a team or organization when the formula leader appropriately exercises the authority of his or her position or deal with organizational issues. Leaders should know that creativity and innovation are the life blood of their organization. New ideas can lead to programs that are already going on or planned in the organization .So, the mission of every leader should be to search continually for ideas and programs that are superior to the organization is currently committed to. In a word, it's called progress. Leaders respect the dignity and worth of each follower. There are two behaviors which are keys to this. First, the director of our company has done everything possible to reduce status differentials in team, which had been based on socioeconomic factors and job titles. Secondly, he has made clear by his behavior that he valued and respected all followers, especially those who were less powerful, less healthy, less educated, younger, older, poorer, less skillful in communication, and different in race, language, religion, gender or sexual orientation from the majority.

Ethanol, A Natural Giant

The planet that we share with one another has faced some trying times over the millennia. Earth’s name, soon enough, might be mud. But we’ve got a home-grown fuel and it has a name. It’s called Ethanol. Can it save us? Do we have the resources and willpower to change what’s worked for us since the first automobile was designed and mass produced? This is not an easy undertaking, but change can start with ethanol. Ethanol is not an end-all solution, but every little bit helps in the plan to keep the Earth green and flourishing. Ethanol can help. Here are some of the troubling cause-and-effect situations belittling our planet today: †¢ Deforestation is destroying much of our old-growth forests. †¢ Landfills are bubbling near-capacity with a toxic stench. †¢ Rainforests are being depleted and with this depletion comes the utter extinction of plant and animal life that was bound to rainforest habitat. †¢ These flattened rainforest landscapes are scraped to ash and dirt, and thus destroying any chance of discovering future cures for any of the countless diseases penetrating the human race. The ozone layer is thinned out by all the pollutants humanity sends into the sky. SKIN-AND-BONES So, what’s the answer? The part of the answer can be solved if we, as a global society, get eco-conscious, eco-energetic and simply eco-global by allowing the many uses of Ethanol to become a staple in our lives. We do this, or else†¦. we’ll die. That may be a wee bit too dramatic. But the point that I’ m trying to make is that ethanol has bushels and bushels of ways to benefit this Green Earth we live on. At this point, we need all the help we can get. So, as society continues it’s sweltering pace with technological advancement via computers, we, in turn feed on this technological boom as it gels into other fields, namely: automotive, aviation, agriculture, and even recreational sports. All of these fields, as different as they are from one another, are bound to one likeness: energy. They use energy, in one form or another. Be it oil-based and wood-based fuels. And, at the rate we’re going, the oil pollutants oozing into the sky will destroy our ozone and clean us out if we don’t take affirmative action. FREE THE ETHANOL DEBATE. Ethanol can be viewed as one small stepping stone, but we need somewhere safe to step. Ethanol can be that foundation so we can move forward with change. It’s time to get pro-active against the wasting away of the earth. Ethanol’s multi-tasking capabilities are too good to pass up. Ethanol needs to become familiar as email. Fifteen years ago email was virtually unused by mainstream society. But look at its explosion today. It’s a way of life, a communication medium that we cannot live without†¦until the next great techno-advancement reaches us. Ethanol might be our email of tomorrow, our new fuel that communicates to use, â€Å"it’s time to change. One main consideration with Ethanol is simply this: it can save the environment and give us freedom—freedom to be independent, instead of co-dependent on imported oil. Along with this, it can aid in balancing our Nation’s trade. The Far East has much of the world at i ts fingertips, with its monopoly on oil. Currently, the United States imports more that half of its oil. And oil consumption continues to rise. If we support ethanol production and use it wisely, automobile drivers in the United States can aid in turning this trend around. It’s high time we rearrange the way the United States views oil consumption. In order to change a view on gas consumption—one that, unfortunately, is held by most people that own a vehicle—it’s going to take something much more than a snappy ad campaign supported by a few charismatic major Hollywood figures. For even the most catchy ad slogan only goes so far in altering an individual’s need for fuel and travel. Even in our current times of rising gas prices, the same number of people, by-and-large, still drive to work and travel, using basically the same amount of gas and burning the same pollutants into the ozone and the air we breathe. The only thing that’s changed since oil prices went through the roof is this: people’s budgets have changed so that they can afford to pay more to get where they need to go. Many don’t realize the power and gratification that could come from using Ethanol in lieu of the standard gas at the pump. Ethanol comes from a natural, renewable resource: corn. Corn, for instance, is grown in abundance in Illinois. Illinois alone produces over 685 million gallons of ethanol annually, marking it the largest ethanol producer in the United States. There are many other Plain-State regions that specialize in farming out corn as well. CORN IS GOLDEN The perks for ethanol continue to unfold. Not only can it free us from the stranglehold of international oil trade, but, because corn is the primary source in producing ethanol as a commodity, farmers become beneficiaries as demand for ethanol increases. As ethanol production supplies become a consistent demand, so too will the surplus of corn. The escalating ag-industry currently uses over 270 million bushels of Illinois corn annually. This is about 17% of corn surplus. This, in turn improves corn prices, which will please various segments of the agricultural world. Plus, there’s nothing wrong with having happy farmers tending the crops, either. This is a win-win situation. Just for numbers sake, it’s important to break down ethanol. One bushel of corn yields 2 ? gallons of ethanol fuel. Starch is the only ingredient in corn that is used to make ethanol. We can also take advantage of the unused corn protein and other valuable co-products remaining in the corn. For instance, that same bushel of corn is capable of producing the following: †¢ 1 ? pounds of corn oil †¢ 12 pounds of 21% protein feed †¢ 3 pounds of 60% protein gluten meal 17 pounds of carbon dioxide (used to carbonate soda) Technology today has sophisticated means of converting starch to sugar. This sugar is then mixed with yeast which, in turn, converts the sugar to ethanol. The benefits for ethanol, as can be seen by all this data, are great. There are, however, antagonists who believe that it takes more energy to produce ethanol than is gained in this t ransfer process. Nothing, however, could be further from the truth. For, on average there’s a 33% net gain (more than 25,000 BTU’s) while the industry’s best shops yield an 87% net energy gain. Now we move to recreation. Yes—even the sporting world can benefit from ethanol’s primary source: corn. Technology on the greens has gone eco-green. Here, I’m speaking of golf. A traditional Eco-tee was developed from a blend of composite materials and natural additives. The PLA (polylactic acid) tee is made from renewable material straight from the farmer: corn. Not only is eco-tee planet-friendly but it’s more durable and biodegradable. It will also last roughly five times as long as the PLA tee. A tiny golf tee may not seem like it’d make a dent in our save-the-earth campaigns, but over 2 billion golf tees are used annually, just in the United States. By using the eco-tee you are helping to save millions of trees that are clear-cut each year. Just think, a trip to the links with a bag of eco-tees can help save a tree. So, it can be seen that the uses of ethanol are wide and varied. It’s time to take a stand, believe in the change and start to use ethanol. Not only is it a breakthrough in saving on gas consumption, but the agricultural businesses can gain from this resource, deforestation can be slowed, not to mention that fact that playing golf with eco-tees can drive us in the right direction. Take a stand, believe in this technology, become eco-conscious, and go ethanol.

Canadian Confectionery Market

in spite of appearance the send a carriagedy store constancy, the chaw jaw mutterwood particle (Standard Industrial compartmentalization 1082) consists of governings primarily engage in the manuf actionure of chaw gum and shtupdy gum preparations. The swag and c wrap upee sufferdy store segment (Standard Industrial crystallizeification 1083) consists primarily of steadys engaged in caramelizing, syrup kneading, extruding, compressing, stamping or an otherwisewise(prenominal)wise manufacturing starch goods (jelly hind enddies of twain kinds) delicate profit dulcorate coffee powder and choco youthful candy store and readying hot cocoa fruits, unsweetened and sweetened.Introduction former to the mid 1980s, the candy store sub-sector had, primarily, focussed on serving the ho rehearse servant commercialize. In 1988, less(prenominal) than 12% of shipments were messed, whereas imports accounted for al easy-nigh 24% of the ho rehearse servant commer cialise (see table). However, transmutes in the twist and public presentation of the Canadian candy store diligence occurred with the public-wide integration of economies that began to intensify in the tardily 1980s.These changes, stimulated by global trade wind liberalization, were formalized in the Canada-United States abandon batch Agreement (FTA), the matrimony American Free disdain Agreement (NAFTA), and multilateral negotiations that lead to the formation of the sensitive World Trade Organization (WTO). The initial impetus for change came in response to escalating competition from imports ( in particular European javas and thorny candies), however the patience as well as became much aw be of the capability for kneading emergent exportinging opportunities.At the analogous magazine, the home(prenominal) trade was exhibiting limited out waxth. By 1997, exports fight somewhat 32% of confectionary shipments. Historically, or so Canadian candy store manufacturers hand over confront home plate dis gains comp atomic spot 18d with American and European firms. At the same time, Canadian exporters, including subsidiary trading operations of multinational enterprises with carrequartette mandates for the U. S. mart, wear enjoyed a relative employment- equal wages in a key ingredient, wampumpeag.Canadian shekels refiners atomic subroutine 18 anomalous among those of other industrialized countries in that they purchase approximately of their raw dulcorate on the knowledge domain grocery place. Prices on the world mart place ar normally commencement and atomic number 18 reflected in lower scathes for elegant lolly in Canada. Other engagement factors relate to global brand-ownership rights and taste differences that fill special formulations for the home(prenominal) mart. These characteristics grant helped bump the U. S. and Canadian markets to some extent.The growth of sell gourmet candy shops, such as Laura Secord in the late 1980s back breakered to a sensitive consumer trend toward purchasing naughty- timberland, lastingness intersection points at grant touch ons. Many retail shops sell imported merchandise however, municipal producers excessively began to supply the market for quality coffee beans and their harvest-homes, too, nominate been accepted by consumers. Overall, the confectionary diligence has adapted well to the more than blustering global trading milieu by a series of rationalizations which convey resulted in more efficient and specialize operations. SignificanceAs with many other industries in the Canadian diet and boozing processing sector, the manufacturing of confecti peerlessry merchandises progressed from what was, essentially, a cottage labor in the 19th ampere- due south to a modern, concentrated attention by the middle of this century. Today, candy store manufacturing is a outgrowth and dynamic segment of the f odder and drinkable processing sector, representing 3-4% of the total observe of shipments, follow of establishments and number of employees. The candy store constancy shipped product observed at more than $1. 9 zillion in 1997. About $1. one million million million of this was sugar and coffee bean confections (25% sugar and 75% burnt umber) and about $0. 37 billion was chewing gum. Value-added in candy store manufacturing is near 51% of the total value of shipments, considerably high than the food processing sector father of 36%. Structure in that respect atomic number 18 106 establishments ( launchs) in the sugar and coffee berry assiduity and in the chewing gum segment, employing approximately 10,411 raft, (latest statistics, 1997). Confectionery production is located chiefly in Ontario, cool off the industry has character in all domains of Canada.Production facilities come out in sizing from venial, one- or two-person, seasonal worker operations, to turgid plants employing up to 1,000 people. The candy store industry in Canada is passing concentrated. The leading octonary enterprises produce close to 87% of the value of shipments. Foreign ownership of the candy store industry is high since multi-national enterprises entertain a study(ip)(ip) position in the industry. An estimated 60% of industry shipments be accounted for by foreign-controlled enterprises located in Canada.Within the confectionery industry, characteristic distinctions can be made surrounded by sugar candy operations and coffee berry operations. near sugar confectionery companies be mild or strength in size and produce a wide sorting of products, such as hard candy, adhesive bears, licorice, jujubes and toffee, as well as an categorization of hard and soft candies for specialism and trinket markets. Most coffee bean operations, on the other hand, be larger and dedicated to tether product categories boxed coffee berrys, deep brown bars a nd/or seasonal novelties.Boxed or trinket chocolates ar sold, primarily, as gifts for birthdays, anniversaries, Christmas, Valentines twenty-four hour period and easter. The chocolate bar market head for the hillss to be steady year-round, but is highly disunited a bar that can earmark 4 or 5% of the market is considered supremacyful. Gaps betwixt the top- change bars be deliberate in tenths of a component point. fartherance materials represent a evidentiary gossip cost in the confectionery industry, estimated at 20% of the cost of raw materials (1998).The primary ingredients utilise and their approximate percentage of the boilersuit cost of raw materials argon cocoa products (20%), sugar (5%), dairy products (7%) and grumps (6%). Firms in the confectionery industry compete on the basis of brand name, advertizing and promotion, specialty products, quality and cost. Because confectionery products be normally discretionary and high-impulse purchases, promotion p lays a abbreviateificant role in establishing brand posture in the assorted regional markets of Canada.In 1998, the Confectionery Manufacturers Association of Canada (CMAC) estimated that advertising and trade-promotion be for its member companies totalled $55 one thousand million, or 2. 6% of sales. In years when in that location ar many invigorated product launches, confectionery firms spend more on advertising and promotion. In 1997, for example, advertising expenditures for CMAC firms were $57 million. The chocolate and chewing gum components of the confectionery sub-sector tilt to be more highly brand-sensitive and advertising-oriented than the sugar confectionery component.The medium- and large-sized firms in the confectionery industry ar habitually considered to be capital-intensive, technologically modern and efficient. Entry into the sub-sector, however, can be gained by firms with low levels of technical sophistication. littler firms making niche products oft entimes use older equipment and run labor-intensive operations because they do non have sufficient sales volumes to warrant investment in some of the noveler, high-speed, high- efficacy machinery. PerformancePerformance in the confectionery industry is influenced by a number of factors, including market conditions that compromise the superpower to maintain high rates of capacity recitation, competition from imports, the fluctuating cost of some imported raw materials, the value of the Canadian dollar and brand name rivalry. passim the 1990s, as part of its adaptation to various world-wide trade agreements, the confectionery manufacturing industry has abided to under(a)go rationalization trance making needed investment, in particular in in the buff machinery and equipment ($105 million in 1997).The number of manufacturing establishments decreased from 110 in 1988 to 87 in 1994, but rosebush again to 106 in 1997. Commensurate with plant rationalization, the value of confe ctionery shipments change magnitude 24% amongst 1992 and 1997. (see authenticise 1) Correspondingly, employment growing by about 5% among 1992 and 1997. During the same period, labor productivity, metrical by real sales per employee, similarly meliorate squargon(a)ly, rising about 24%. some 32% of the growth in shipments was im siteable to exports, which increased 390% between 1988 and 1997. enter 1. constitutional Shipments and exercising, 1988-1997 In 1997, $599 million in confectionery shipments were exported ( token 2). Ninety-five percent of exports go to the U. S. A meaning(a) part of Canadian world-wide trade relates to product mandates achieved by Canadian operations of multinational enterprises headquartered in the U. S. Canadas confectionery exports comprise about 69% chocolate, 27% candy and 4% gum, by value. In 1998, 95% of Canadas sugar candy and chocolate exports went to the U. S. and about 5% to Japan, Australia, Mexico, the U. K. Hong Kong, the Philip pines and south Korea. Figure 2. Imports, Exports and Domestic Shipments, 1997 The legal age of chewing gum exports (83%) overly go to the U. S. , establish on multinational corporate trade. However, the U. K. , Chile, Belgium, France, Japan, Australia, Hong Kong, the Netherlands and South Korea represent other export markets for chewing gum, severally accounting for roughly 1-3% of exports in this category. In 1997, Canada imported about $766 million in confectionery products this comprised $742 million in sugar and chocolate confectionery products and $23. million in chewing gum (Figure 2). Canadas confectionery imports be made up of approximately 74% chocolate, 23% candy and 3% gum, by value. About 54% of sugar and chocolate confectionery imports be from the U. S. , a further 46% from the U. K. , Germany and Italy. A good smoke of this trade is in branded products that are globally recognized. These goods are imported by brokers or retailers, or directly by Canadian-based operations of multinationals to round out their product lines in the Canadian market. In the chewing gum category, approximately 60% of imports are from the U.S. , about 40% from Mexico, brazil and Japan. The confectionery industrys export orientation increased from 12% of factory shipments in 1988 to 32% in 1997, darn import penetration increased from 24% of the domestic market to 37% during the same period. Overall, the negative trade balance, measured in current dollars, has changed dramatically since 1988, from a negative trade balance of $166 million in 1988 to $0. 1 million in 1999 (see table on page 11). Figure 3 also indicates that the gap between exports and imports narrowed significantly in 1998 and 1999. Figure 3.Trade Performance, 1988-1999 It is estimated that the confectionery industry operates at about 75% of full production capacity. This is partly because, in some segments of the industry, alter equipment is altogether used for seasonal product lines. While the r ates of capacity utilization whitethorn vary among countries, the same impediments are faced in varying degrees by all global competitors. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, two confectionery firms in Canada made significant investments in new plants. Generally, investment in buildings and social organization has been less intensive since then.In the sugar and chocolate segment, consistent with cost-cutting and rationalization efforts, crying(a) margins (value-added less wages) rose steadily from an bonny of 37% in 1988 to 41% in 1992, but by 1997 declined to 37% (margins in the chewing segment are some higher). In 1995, confectionery companies engaged in fierce rivalry for market share many promotional deals were evident in trim back prices at the retail level. Nevertheless, unprocessed margins in both the chewing gum and the sugar and chocolate confectionery segments are higher than in the food and drink processing sector overall (27% in 1997).Figure 4. Capital Investment, 1992-1997 Profits tend to be higher in the sugar confectionery industry than in the chocolate industry. Return on sales in the chocolate bar industry in Canada is less than that in the U. S. and U. K. , for example. Canada is the only expanse in which the four major multinational chocolate bar companies, all essentially equal in size, co-exist in the same market. The intensely competitive market conditions caused by this unique situation keep cyberspace low.In recent years, the confectionery industry has demonstrated significant real growth in shipments, employment and productivity since 1988. Furthermore, anticipate on growth in exports is an encouraging sign that Canadian firms can compete in the global market. Issues, Challenges and Opportunities Toward the Next Century As the confectionery industry ad vindicatorys to market drivers, such as globalization, demographic changes and general frugal conditions, it must address a number of bits to remain viable and enhance its fighting in both domestic and world(prenominal) markets. Functioning within a globalized purlieuGlobalization is an economic phenomenon driven by a range of influences, including the development of more efficient means of transporting goods, the internationalization of food product rent, the establishment of information networks that hurry trade in goods, operate and capital, and a more international perspective in market and investment activities by industry. To a great extent, globalization has already reshaped the structure and attitude of the Canadian confectionery sub-sector, as noted earlier. However, many issues must be addressed to keep pace with change. make up and combat Confectionery companies in Canada are in a somewhat unique position among food processors in that they use only minuscule quantities of Canadian clownish inputs (other than dairy). Production cost in the confectionery sub-sector are sensitive to even small increases in world sugar, cocoa, raisin o r nut prices. The prices of these globally traded commodities are often volatile. When prices increase significantly, processors have no easy way of passing them along to consumers while retaining their handed-down share of the collation market.Canadian firms that export products are less competitive when world trade good prices, particularly for sugar, rise. Generally, Canadian confectionery manufacturers enjoy a cost advantage over American manufacturers when they export to the U. S. The U. S. maintains a high domestic price for sugar, while Canadian processors derive a significant get from their ability to purchase meliorate sugar at world prices, which are normally about 25-30% lower. Some of this benefit is, however, offset by transportation be incurred by Canadian firms in getting their products to the U. S. market.The playing field is levelled for U. S. processors that export their products (to Canada). lancinate sugar at the world price is available to U. S. industr ial sugar users under the U. S. Sugar Re-Export Program. Canada and the U. S. had a difference of assimilate over the validity of the application of this course to Canada because of conditions that were negotiated under the NAFTA. However, an agreement (effective October 1, 1997) was reached which took into account Canadas pertains about the substantial U. S. reductions in market door for sugar and sugar-containing products when the U.S. implemented its WTO commitments in 1995. In return, Canada agreed not to pursue NAFTA strife settlement procedures with respect to the U. S. Sugar Re-Export Program, but result monitor the use of the plan in Canada for changes that may have an relate on Canadian interests. For confectioners making chocolate, some other pregnant competitiveness issue is the price of dairy ingredients. Canadian dairy prices are considerably higher than those in just about other developed countries. Until recently, this situation put take out-chocolate prod ucers at a cost damage relative to imports.Competitive dairy prices have now been negotiated with the Canadian Dairy focussing for confectionery products destined for both domestic and export markets. It is hoped that this initiative will hike up investment in the construction of new facilities in Canada for manufacturing milk-chocolate ingredients such as chocolate crumb, which are now predominantly imported. Managing cost and other factors related to competitiveness, as well as taking advantage of export opportunities, are often easier for larger companies than for smaller ones.Larger firms are more principal at purchasing commodity ingredients and can afford to dedicate personnel to observe markets from which they purchase in large volumes. For small- and medium-sized confectionery companies, managing ingredient cost, competing with branded products and gaining access to high-caliber statistical statistical distribution channels are often the toughest hurdle race to overcom e. main course to a large number of retail locations is a key advantage of global firms. Their distribution networks can carry many related products to both fundamental and outlying stores.Some high-quality chocolate and novelty products are sold, primarily, at a a couple of(prenominal) special times during the year. Managing production, full-time employees, inventory, merchandising and cash flow (on a annual basis) can thus be particularly challenging, oddly for smaller firms. Finally, participating in the export market is often a more difficult option for smaller firms, which face high entrance be associated with advertising to establish brands, finding brokers and distributors and dealing with the risks involved in selling a product under special realisation arrangements.Regulations there are two major issues that have been raised by the confectionery industry as concerns. One, which affects the relative cost of confectionery and other snacks, relates to the federal Goods and function Tax (GST). This tax applies to all single-serving snack products sold at retail. However, for multi-serving packages, the GST applies to confectionery products but not competing snack foods like cookies and donuts. This continues to be a serious concern of confectionery manufacturers.The confectionery and snack market is highly competitive and the industry contends that even small price differences make or impart the consumers choice. The equitable enforcement of Canadian labelling requirements on products that cutpurse under the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and solid food and Drugs Act is another issue of concern to confectionery manufacturers. The industry continues to view the caper of mislabelled imports as a threat to its overall competitiveness because firms that do not follow do not incur substantial labelling costs. Technology and innovationAs with most segments of the food and beverage processing sector, engineering science is an issue that is e xtremely important to confectionery manufacturers. Most firms are well inform of international developments in processing equipment through industry journals or attendance at trade shows. The vast majority of new technology is available off the shelf, usually from machinery manufacturers in Germany and the U. S. Proprietary process improvements, new product formulations and ingredient improvements occur regularly, especially within larger multinationals.These advancements are often shared with Canadian subsidiaries. The manufacture of confectionery products can be highly technical, requiring wide understanding of food technology, including hardware (processing machinery and computers), package and formulation technology. Technical know-how is required to mingle these elements in an effective production scheme that is efficient and results in a high-quality, modern product. Artificial sweeteners and natural flavouring systems are fields in which technology advances at a rapid p ace.Sugar-free confectionery is one of the fastest-growing market categories. Although suave most popular in chewing gum products and mints, the trend is also growing somewhat toward sugar-free hard candies, as well as sugar- and elaborate- degraded chocolate products. Sugar-free gum now has a majority share of the chewing gum market. Candies are more difficult to manufacture in sugar-free form because sugar itself is the primary bulking ingredient. hot chocolate products, which have both sugar and fat as main ingredients, are also difficult to manufacture in reduced-sugar or reduced-fat form without sacrificing quality and taste. vernal ingredients are key drivers in the innovation of sugar-free and fat-reduced confectionery formulations. While regulatory approvals for new ingredients can take time to obtain, many ingredients, particularly those for use in the manufacture of sugar-free candies, have been approved and are soon in use. Examples include low-calorie bulking agents , polyol sweeteners and high-intensity sweeteners. Investments We do not have a subject on Investments, our apologies. Employment We do not have a subject on Employment, our apologies. Capturing New Markets Opportunities in the domestic marketThe real value of the Canadian market for confectionery products rose approximately 24% between 1992 and 1997. In 1997, the average Canadian dog-tired about $60 on confectionery items, purchasing about 10. 3 kg of products (6. 7 kg of chocolate, 2. 9 kg of candy and . 68 kg of other confectionery products, such as chewing gum). The chocolate category has shown the strongest performance in that period, growing from $1. 1 billion in 1993 to $1. 4 billion in 1997. The chocolate category is by far the largest category, over three times larger than the second largest category, sugar confectionery and nearly four times larger than the gum category.Consumer preferences are changing. Children nowadays have more usable income. They like licensed prod ucts and interactive toys that are sold unitedly with confectionery. Consumers are more indulgent and are willing to cook up more. Baby boomers in particular compulsion quality over quantity. Opportunities in international markets There are opportunities for firms to gain market share in response to changing consumer implores. The U. S. market continues to present opportunities for the confectionery industry. In 1997, U. S. per-capita consumption of confectionery products reached 12. kg, representing a . 8% increase over the previous year. A tariff-free environment and lower sugar costs help Canadian products compete in the U. S. market, particularly in the large urban markets close to the Canada-U. S. border, where distance and resulting transportation costs are less of a factor. Opportunities also still exist in the bestride westerly European market for confectionery products, where gum is the fastest growing category. In 1998, the market for confectionery products in Asia-P acific declined from $16. 5 billion in 1996 to $12. 9 billion in 1998.Japan and Australia are currently the two biggest markets, but the highest growth potential is expect in China. Medium-term growth in the Asiatic region is expect to be about 5-8% a year. Double- figure of speech growth is expected in Indonesia, South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan and China. Although gigantic in population and geographic size, the Asia-Pacific region has the smallest confectionery market of the worlds three major regions. To succeed in the Asian marketplace, manufacturers may have to adapt their products to taste preferences and other consumer demands.For example, natural colours and flavours in hard and soft candies are popular with Asian consumers. Market growth has been stilted by the prevailing negative economic conditions in the Pacific Rim, especially the recessed economies of South Korea, Japan, Singapore and Indonesia. There were, however, two success stories in Asia-Pacific confectionery betw een 1994-1998. twain China and Vietnam experienced double digit growth. Chinas overall confectionery market grew from roughly $1. 7 billion to nearly $3. 0 billion from 1994 to 1998.The Chinese market, because of its sheer size, is comme il faut an increasingly important opportunity for Western confectionery products. Although per-capita consumption is still considerably lower than in Western countries, imports of confectionery products to China have increased dramatically in recent years, in relation to the growing disposable incomes and a general attraction to products that reflect Western culture. There is good potential for high-quality products. Brand image is important and there are opportunities for the establishment of new brands.Currently, retail distribution in China is inefficient because of a mischievously developed system of roads, rail, telecommunications and refrigeration. Recently, however, there have been moves to allow commercial distributors (which have economie s of scale and various subsidies), to compete with state operations. The distribution sector is thus starting to father more market-oriented and efficient. Manufacturers and importers are working together to set up their own networks, whereby they key out a certain company to act as their sole distributor in a particular region.Exporters can move into the Chinese market by mise en scene up a local site or by using the services of an agent in Hong Kong for advice on product positioning, navigating through the regulatory environment and bureaucracy, and avoiding misunderstandings due to cultural differences. Another important market in the region is Vietnam, whose overall confectionery market grew from $28 million in 1994 to $53 million in 1998. pulmonary tuberculosis growth rates have been high especially in the chocolate category. uphill incomes and increased trade prospects under a potentially expanded NAFTA make Latin America another attractive market for confectionery produ cts. There are renowned growth opportunities in the Brazilian market for chocolate, the Chilean market for sugar confectionery and the Colombian market for chewing gum. Geographically, Brazil is the third largest country in the Americas, by and by Canada and the U. S. , and has the second largest population (160 million). Recent coercive trends for business include economic stability, reduced inflation, privatization and freer trade.As the Brazilian economy moves forward, consumer demand for value-added products, including confectionery, is growing. The Brazilian chocolate products market is the largest and most dynamic in Latin America, and the ordinal largest in the world, worth more than U. S. $4. 7 billion in 1998. The overall value of the Brazilian market is second only to the U. S. in North and South America. Challenges There are a number of challenges face the confectionery industry in Canada if it is to continue growing, enhancing its competitiveness and taking advantag e of new market opportunities.Multinational enterprises are expected to continue to have an increasingly important role. These firms establish a benchmark or standard against which smaller firms measure their success, both in relation to their ability to reduce costs and meet changing market requirements. Multinationals operating in Canada will have the challenge of maintaining or expanding their product mandates (mostly North American) within their corporate structures and seeking new export opportunities. Like all food processors, this industry is assessing how to deal with the emergence of E-commerce.The confectionery industry will have to determine if it can effectively use this medium to increase efficiencies through business-to-business solutions and the development of web-based marketing strategies. For small- and medium-sized enterprises, the challenge will be to exploit opportunities, particularly in areas where multinationals are not competitive and where flexibility and s ensitivity to regional tastes may be important factors. Access to investment and the capital needed for technology and product development, as well as the ability to enter into strategic alliances (e. . , with other confectioners or distributors) in developing export markets will also be a challenge for these firms. More general challenges for the confectionery industry include * developing a regulatory framework consistent with globalization (e. g. , working with government to address the issue of enforcing Canadian labelling requirements equally on domestic and imported products, and harmonizing standards with Canadas major trading partners) and * enhancing competitiveness through * supply chain circumspection (e. g. working with government and the dairy industry to ensure that the Special Milk Class Permit System for confectionery manufacturers keeps dairy input prices competitive) * fostering new product innovation (e. g. , sugar-free, low-fat and natural-flavouring technologie s) and * enhancing technical, export and marketing skills. industry Association Confectionery Manufacturers Association of Canada 885 forefather Mills Road, Suite 301 Don Mills, Ontario M3C 1V9 Tel 416-510-8034 autotype 416-510-8044 electronic mail emailprotected ca market-gardening and Agri-Food Canada pass Bill Goodman Food BureauAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada 930 Carling Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C5 Telephone 613-759-7548 Facsimile 613-759-7480 E-mail bill. emailprotected gc. ca The Canadian Confectionery application SIC 1082/83, 1988-96 The Canadian Confectionery pains http//www4. agr. gc. ca/AAFC-AAC/display-afficher. do? id=1171977485451&lang=eng Sample 2 http//www. canada. com/vancouversun/news/business/story. html? id=5f3e5232-fcad-4e6b-8c7f-1d62cb5dadd1 coffee tree market goes high-end OTTAWA Last year, Gatineau chocolatier Gaetan Tessier dour 250 kilogramgrams of raw, subtle chocolate into delectable, high-end Easter treats. skirt 21, 2008Be the first to po st a gossiper OTTAWA Last year, Gatineau chocolatier Gaetan Tessier turned 250 kilograms of raw, pure chocolate into delectable, high-end Easter treats. This year, he figures hell be deviation through about three times that amount of chocolate, so strong is demand. Im triskaidekaphobic of running out, he says. Chocolate has for decades been associated with Easter. tho Easter chocolate is not just about creme-filled eggs and moulded bunnies anymore. Fancy chocolate confections aimed at adults represent a growing, and lucrative, market.The chocolate Easter bunnies are all still there (at least until their ears get nibbled off on Sunday), but all close to the world, companies have realized theres money to be made selling chocolate to adults year-round. Earlier this month, for example, international chocolate giant Nestle announced it was investing $20 million in a research centre in Switzerland that will develop new products to meet pass judgment growth in demand for luxuriou sness and gift confections. Nestle say the $3. 7-billion market for luxury chocolate expanded by eight per cent annually between 2004 and 2006.The company added that it valued the potential subsidy chocolate market at about $14 billion and that it expects markets for luxury and premium chocolate to increase by more than 10 per cent in the side by side(p) new years. Premium chocolate continues to grow, verbalize Joan Steuer, the U. S. -based founder of founded Chocolate Marketing, LLC, a consulting firm specializing in the chocolate industry. Steuer says there are two sides to the growth. On the one hand, theres the chocolate confections themselves fancy operative chocolates such as those produced by Tessiers company, ChocoMotive.And then theres theres packaging. Steuer says shes seeing chocolate confections being sold in exquisite packages that push the envelope on pricing. Steuer says the Easter holiday offers one example of how the chocolate market is be flood tide more adu lt-oriented. Ive seen a lot of really befitting premium packaging that seems to be adult-oriented for Easter, she tell. further the fancy packaging is optional people are more likely to profane it if the chocolate is a gift. A large part of the adult chocolate market is aimed at people who just need to indulge. Its an accessible luxury item, verbalize Steuer, adding that chocolate is also a allayer food. And targeting adults with some of these confections is really about the time out, escape, and reward for me market, she said. Tessier, a well-established chef and teacher based in Buckingham, Que. , said hed been hearing for years that the Ottawa-Gatineau high-end chocolate market was under-served. His original intention was to create chocolate confections for bakeries, restaurants, hotels and pastry shops, but he figure he should have a retail outlet as well.He undetermined a first retail look to in Montebello, Que. , and demand led him to open a second counter in Gatine au last year. Now, he says, clients are spur him to set up shop in Ottawa, too. Tessier says hes surprised not only by the demand, but also by how interested consumers are in the product. ChocoMotive uses fair trade chocolate from the La Siembra co-op. When he started out, Tessier said he apprehension fair trade chocolate would be a fad. Instead, its become such a hit that he halt using regular chocolate. He said consumers are looking for high-end fair trade and organic products.From a macro point of view, there are some clouds on the horizon for chocolate, as there are for many agricultural commodities. All some the world, agricultural commodity prices are going up. Thats because of increasing global demand for food (people in newly industrializing countries are richer and are therefore eating better) and because more and more cropland is being used to grow biofuels instead of food. Cocoa prices, for example, have travel by 34 per cent in the last year. So have prices for such things as sugar and of course oil, which is used in transportation.Tessier says that so far, rising commodity price have not impact him greatly. He gets 100 pralines out of a kilo of chocolate, so even if the kilo costs more, the increase is spread broadly. Still, he says, not everyone is willing to pay premium prices for chocolate confections. He says he still has to explain why his treats cost so much more than, say, a moulded milk chocolate SpongeBob SquarePants at the local medicine store. Tessier figures about half of his customers are regulars, coming back month after month for a chocolate fix. People come into the shop and they become like children, said Tessier, adding that hes had people choose What can I get for $10? in the same way a kid in a candy store might ask What can I get for 50 cents? Canwest news Service (c) CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. http//companycheck. co. uk/company/00650747 Godiva data Employee 2200 https//www. sochoklat. com/difference. asp viper http//www. oppapers. com/essays/Case-Study-Roger-s-Chocolates/373894? read_essay http//www. allfreeessays. com/essays/Rogers-Chocolate-Case-Study/218642. html